Techniques and apparatuses for multiplexing schemes for millimeter wave downlink single carrier waveforms

ABSTRACT

Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. More particularly, aspects of the present disclosure provide multiplexing schemes which may be suited for the single carrier waveform. For example, some techniques and apparatuses described herein permit multiplexing of multiple, different data streams without destroying the single-carrier properties of the waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, some techniques and apparatuses described herein may provide unequal error protection, unequal bandwidth allocation, and/or the like as part of the multiplexing schemes. Examples of multiplexing schemes described herein include in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) multiplexing, superposition quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based at least in part on layered bit mapping, polarization division multiplexing of QAM with superposition coding, and frequency division multiplexing using UE-specific beams.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 119

This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application No.62/531,799, filed on Jul. 12, 2017, entitled “TECHNIQUES AND APPARATUSESFOR MULTIPLEXING SCHEMES FOR MILLIMETER WAVE DOWNLINK SINGLE CARRIERWAVEFORMS” which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

INTRODUCTION

Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wirelesscommunication, and more particularly to techniques and apparatuses formultiplexing schemes for millimeter wave (mm Wave) downlink singlecarrier (SC) waveforms.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide varioustelecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging,and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employmultiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication withmultiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth,transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple-access technologiesinclude code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time divisionmultiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency-division multiple access(FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)systems, single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA)systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access(TD-SCDMA) systems, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE/LTE-Advanced is aset of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation PartnershipProject (3GPP).

A wireless communication network may include a number of base stations(BSs) that can support communication for a number of user equipment(UEs). A UE may communicate with a BS via the downlink and uplink. Thedownlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the BSto the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communicationlink from the UE to the BS. As will be described in more detail herein,a BS may be referred to as a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP), aradio head, a transmit receive point (TRP), a new radio (NR) BS, a 5GNode B, and/or the like.

The above multiple access technologies have been adopted in varioustelecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enablesdifferent user equipment to communicate on a municipal, national,regional, and even global level. New radio (NR), which may also bereferred to as 5G, is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standardpromulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). NR isdesigned to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improvingspectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use ofnew spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards usingorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix(CP) (CP-OFDM) on the downlink (DL), using CP-OFDM and/or SC-FDM (e.g.,also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) onthe uplink (UL), as well as supporting beamforming, multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation.However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues toincrease, there exists a need for further improvements in LTE and NRtechnologies. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable toother multiple access technologies and the telecommunication standardsthat employ these technologies.

SUMMARY

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication performed by atransmitter device may include receiving a first data stream and asecond data stream; modulating the first data stream to create a firstmodulated data stream; modulating the second data stream to create asecond modulated data stream; and multiplexing the first modulated datastream and the second modulated data stream into a symbol using in-phaseand quadrature carriers.

In some aspects, a transmitter device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to receive afirst data stream and a second data stream; modulate the first datastream to create a first modulated data stream; modulate the second datastream to create a second modulated data stream; and multiplex the firstmodulated data stream and the second modulated data stream into a symbolusing in-phase and quadrature carriers.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a transmitterdevice, may cause the one or more processors to receive a first datastream and a second data stream; modulate the first data stream tocreate a first modulated data stream; modulate the second data stream tocreate a second modulated data stream; and multiplex the first modulateddata stream and the second modulated data stream into a symbol usingin-phase and quadrature carriers.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for receiving a first data stream and a second data stream; meansfor modulating the first data stream to create a first modulated datastream; means for modulating the second data stream to create a secondmodulated data stream; and means for multiplexing the first modulateddata stream and the second modulated data stream into a symbol usingin-phase and quadrature carriers.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication performed by arecipient device may include receiving a signal having an in-phasecomponent and a quadrature component; identifying at least one symbolpertinent to the recipient device (e.g., based at least in part on aprepended signature sequence specific to the recipient device), whereinthe at least one symbol is identified from at least one of the in-phasecomponent or the quadrature component; and demodulating the at least onesymbol.

In some aspects, a recipient device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to receive asignal having an in-phase component and a quadrature component; identifyat least one symbol pertinent to the recipient device, wherein the atleast one symbol is identified from at least one of the in-phasecomponent or the quadrature component; and demodulate the at least onesymbol.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a recipientdevice, may cause the one or more processors to receive a signal havingan in-phase component and a quadrature component; identify at least onesymbol pertinent to the recipient device, wherein the at least onesymbol is identified from at least one of the in-phase component or thequadrature component; and demodulate the at least one symbol.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for receiving a signal having an in-phase component and aquadrature component; means for identifying at least one symbolpertinent to the apparatus, wherein the at least one symbol isidentified from at least one of the in-phase component or the quadraturecomponent; and means for demodulating the at least one symbol.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication may includereceiving a plurality of data streams; mapping sets of data streams, ofthe plurality of data streams, to respective sets of bit layers of aplurality of bit layers, wherein each bit layer, of the plurality of bitlayers, corresponds to a binary expansion value that is generated basedat least in part on a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)constellation; and transmitting a signal including the plurality of bitlayers.

In some aspects, a transmitter device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to receive aplurality of data streams; map sets of data streams, of the plurality ofdata streams, to respective sets of bit layers of a plurality of bitlayers, wherein each bit layer, of the plurality of bit layers,corresponds to a binary expansion value that is generated based at leastin part on a QAM constellation; and transmit a signal including theplurality of bit layers. In some aspects, the signal may identify theassignment of bit layers to user devices or recipients.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a recipientdevice, may cause the one or more processors to receive a plurality ofdata streams; map sets of data streams, of the plurality of datastreams, to respective sets of bit layers of a plurality of bit layers,wherein each bit layer, of the plurality of bit layers, corresponds to abinary expansion value that is generated based at least in part on a QAMconstellation; and transmit a signal including the plurality of bitlayers.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for receiving a plurality of data streams; means for mapping setsof data streams, of the plurality of data streams, to respective sets ofbit layers of a plurality of bit layers, wherein each bit layer, of theplurality of bit layers, corresponds to a binary expansion value that isgenerated based at least in part on a QAM constellation; and means fortransmitting a signal including the plurality of bit layers.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication performed by arecipient device may include receiving a signal including a plurality ofbit layers, wherein the plurality of bit layers is generated based atleast in part on a QAM constellation; identifying at least one relevantbit layer, of the plurality of bit layers, that is relevant to therecipient device; and determining a data stream based at least in parton the at least one relevant bit layer.

In some aspects, a recipient device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to receive asignal including a plurality of bit layers, wherein the plurality of bitlayers is generated based at least in part on a QAM constellation;identify at least one relevant bit layer, of the plurality of bitlayers, that is relevant to the recipient device; and determine a datastream based at least in part on the at least one relevant bit layer.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a recipientdevice, may cause the one or more processors to receive a signalincluding a plurality of bit layers, wherein the plurality of bit layersis generated based at least in part on a QAM constellation; identify atleast one relevant bit layer, of the plurality of bit layers, that isrelevant to the recipient device; and determine a data stream based atleast in part on the at least one relevant bit layer.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for receiving a signal including a plurality of bit layers,wherein the plurality of bit layers is generated based at least in parton a QAM constellation; means for identifying at least one relevant bitlayer, of the plurality of bit layers, that is relevant to theapparatus; and means for determining a data stream based at least inpart on the at least one relevant bit layer.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication performed by atransmitter device may include performing a modulation technique withregard to at least two data streams to generate at least two modulateddata streams corresponding to the at least two data streams; applyingrespective polarization patterns to the at least two modulated datastreams; and transmitting, as a multiplexed signal after the respectivepolarization patterns are applied, the at least two modulated datastreams.

In some aspects, a transmitter device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to perform amodulation technique with regard to at least two data streams togenerate at least two modulated data streams corresponding to the atleast two data streams; apply respective polarization patterns to the atleast two modulated data streams; and transmit, as a multiplexed signalafter the respective polarization patterns are applied, the at least twomodulated data streams.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a transmitterdevice, may cause the one or more processors to perform a modulationtechnique with regard to at least two data streams to generate at leasttwo modulated data streams corresponding to the at least two datastreams; apply respective polarization patterns to the at least twomodulated data streams; and transmit, as a multiplexed signal after therespective polarization patterns are applied, the at least two modulateddata streams.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for performing a modulation technique with regard to at least twodata streams to generate at least two modulated data streamscorresponding to the at least two data streams; means for applyingrespective polarization patterns to the at least two modulated datastreams; and means for transmitting, as a multiplexed signal after therespective polarization patterns are applied, the at least two modulateddata streams.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication performed by arecipient device may include receiving a multiplexed signal including atleast two modulated data streams associated with respective polarizationpatterns, wherein the respective polarization patterns are applied usingrespective polarized antennas of a transmitter device; and obtainingdata from a relevant data stream of the at least two modulated datastreams, wherein at least one other data stream of the at least twomodulated data streams is filtered based at least in part on at leastone of the respective polarization patterns.

In some aspects, a recipient device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to receive amultiplexed signal including at least two modulated data streamsassociated with respective polarization patterns, wherein the respectivepolarization patterns are applied using respective polarized antennas ofa transmitter device; and obtain data from a relevant data stream of theat least two modulated data streams, wherein at least one other datastream of the at least two modulated data streams is filtered based atleast in part on at least one of the respective polarization patterns.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a recipientdevice, may cause the one or more processors to receive a multiplexedsignal including at least two modulated data streams associated withrespective polarization patterns, wherein the respective polarizationpatterns are applied using respective polarized antennas of atransmitter device; and obtain data from a relevant data stream of theat least two modulated data streams, wherein at least one other datastream of the at least two modulated data streams is filtered based atleast in part on at least one of the respective polarization patterns.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for receiving a multiplexed signal including at least twomodulated data streams associated with respective polarization patterns,wherein the respective polarization patterns are applied usingrespective polarized antennas of a transmitter device; and means forobtaining data from a relevant data stream of the at least two modulateddata streams, wherein at least one other data stream of the at least twomodulated data streams is filtered based at least in part on at leastone of the respective polarization patterns.

In some aspects, a method of wireless communication performed by atransmitter device may include partitioning a bandwidth into multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands; assigning different sub-bands, of themultiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to different recipient devices; andforming a plurality of respective beams for the different recipientdevices, wherein each beam, of the plurality of respective beams,occupies a respective sub-band of the different sub-bands assigned tothe different recipient devices.

In some aspects, a transmitter device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to partition abandwidth into multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands; assign differentsub-bands, of the multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to differentrecipient devices; and form a plurality of respective beams for thedifferent recipient devices, wherein each beam, of the plurality ofrespective beams, occupies a respective sub-band of the differentsub-bands assigned to the different recipient devices.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a transmitterdevice, may cause the one or more processors to partition a bandwidthinto multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands; assign different sub-bands, ofthe multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to different recipient devices;and form a plurality of respective beams for the different recipientdevices, wherein each beam, of the plurality of respective beams,occupies a respective sub-band of the different sub-bands assigned tothe different recipient devices.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for partitioning a bandwidth into multiple, non-overlappingsub-bands; means for assigning different sub-bands, of the multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands, to different recipient devices; and means forforming a plurality of respective beams for the different recipientdevices, wherein each beam, of the plurality of respective beams,occupies a respective sub-band of the different sub-bands assigned tothe different recipient devices.

In some aspects, a method for wireless communication performed by arecipient device may include transmitting, to a transmitter device,information identifying a bandwidth capability of the recipient device,wherein the bandwidth capability corresponds to a sub-band of a beambandwidth of the transmitter device; and receiving a recipientdevice-specific beam from the transmitter device, wherein the recipientdevice-specific beam is specific to the recipient device and occupiesthe sub-band, wherein the recipient device-specific beam is one of aplurality of non-overlapping recipient device-specific beams transmittedby the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth.

In some aspects, a recipient device for wireless communication mayinclude a memory and one or more processors configured to transmit, to atransmitter device, information identifying a bandwidth capability ofthe recipient device, wherein the bandwidth capability corresponds to asub-band of a beam bandwidth of the transmitter device; and receive arecipient device-specific beam from the transmitter device, wherein therecipient device-specific beam is specific to the recipient device andoccupies the sub-band, wherein the recipient device-specific beam is oneof a plurality of non-overlapping recipient device-specific beamstransmitted by the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth.

In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may store oneor more instructions for wireless communication. The one or moreinstructions, when executed by one or more processors of a recipientdevice, may cause the one or more processors to transmit, to atransmitter device, information identifying a bandwidth capability ofthe recipient device, wherein the bandwidth capability corresponds to asub-band of a beam bandwidth of the transmitter device; and receive arecipient device-specific beam from the transmitter device, wherein therecipient device-specific beam is specific to the recipient device andoccupies the sub-band, wherein the recipient device-specific beam is oneof a plurality of non-overlapping recipient device-specific beamstransmitted by the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth.

In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication may includemeans for transmitting, to a transmitter device, information identifyinga bandwidth capability of the apparatus, wherein the bandwidthcapability corresponds to a sub-band of a beam bandwidth of thetransmitter device; and receiving an apparatus-specific beam from thetransmitter device, wherein the apparatus-specific beam is specific tothe apparatus and occupies the sub-band, wherein the apparatus-specificbeam is one of a plurality of non-overlapping apparatus-specific beamstransmitted by the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth.

Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer programproduct, non-transitory computer-readable medium, base station, userequipment, wireless communication device, transmitter device, recipientdevice, and processing system as substantially described herein withreference to and as illustrated by the accompanying specification anddrawings.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technicaladvantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that thedetailed description that follows may be better understood. Additionalfeatures and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conceptionand specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis formodifying or designing other structures for carrying out the samepurposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do notdepart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of theconcepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method ofoperation, together with associated advantages will be better understoodfrom the following description when considered in connection with theaccompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purpose ofillustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits ofthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the presentdisclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description,briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some ofwhich are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted,however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typicalaspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be consideredlimiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equallyeffective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings mayidentify the same or similar elements.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of awireless communication network, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of abase station in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a wirelesscommunication network, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of aframe structure in a wireless communication network, in accordance withvarious aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating two example subframeformats with the normal cyclic prefix, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of in-phase/quadraturemultiplexing, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of superposition quadratureamplitude modulation (QAM) based at least in part on layered bitmapping, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of polarization divisionmultiplexing for wireless communications, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of frequency divisionmultiplexing (FDM) using UE-specific beamforming, in accordance withvarious aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a base station, in accordance with various aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, forexample, by a wireless communication device, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A transmitter device (e.g., a base station or UE) may generate signalsto convey data to recipient devices (e.g., other base stations or UEs)using a multiplexing scheme. For example, the transmitter device maycombine data streams for one or more recipient devices into a singledata stream or signal using a multiplexing scheme. Examples ofmultiplexing schemes may include frequency division multiplexing (FDM)(e.g., wherein system spectrum is partitioned into non-overlappingsub-bands allocated to different users), code division multiplexing(CDM) (e.g., wherein orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal spreading codes areassigned to different users), time division multiplexing (TDM) (e.g.,wherein different users are scheduled to transmit in different timeslots), and space division multiplexing (SDM) (e.g., wherein different,spatially separable antenna beams are formed for different users).

With the advent of 5G/NR, larger frequency bandwidths have beenallocated, especially for mm Wave transmission. Radio frequency (RF)constraints and propagation properties that are unique to the mm Wavemay introduce new design challenges for cellular networks. One suchdesign challenge is the usage of a single carrier (SC) waveform.Compared to OFDM, a SC waveform has lower peak to average power ratio(PAPR), which leads to benefits in power efficiency, link budgetenhancement, and low-complexity design. However, traditionalmultiplexing schemes (e.g., TDM, CDM, FDM, SDM, etc.) may not be fullysuited to the SC waveform, and/or may not provide sufficient flexibilitywith regard to unequal error protection, unequal bandwidth allocation,and/or the like.

Some techniques and apparatuses described herein provide multiplexingschemes which may be suited for the SC waveform. For example, sometechniques and apparatuses described herein permit multiplexing ofmultiple, different data streams without destroying the single-carrierproperties of the waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, sometechniques and apparatuses described herein may provide unequal errorprotection, unequal bandwidth allocation, and/or the like as part of themultiplexing schemes. Examples of multiplexing schemes described hereininclude in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) multiplexing, superposition QAM basedat least in part on layered bit mapping, polarization divisionmultiplexing of QAM with superposition coding, and FDM using UE-specificbeams, as described in connection with FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8,respectively. These multiplexing schemes may preserve the SC waveformwhile enabling unequal error protection, unequal bandwidth allocation,and/or the like.

Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafterwith reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may,however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construedas limited to any specific structure or function presented throughoutthis disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that thisdisclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey thescope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on theteachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the scopeof the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosuredisclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined withany other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may beimplemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspectsset forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intendedto cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using otherstructure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition toor other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. Itshould be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed hereinmay be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented withreference to various apparatuses and techniques. These apparatuses andtechniques will be described in the following detailed description andillustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules,components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectivelyreferred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented usinghardware, software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements areimplemented as hardware or software depends upon the particularapplication and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

It is noted that while aspects may be described herein using terminologycommonly associated with 3G and/or 4G wireless technologies, aspects ofthe present disclosure can be applied in other generation-basedcommunication systems, such as 5G and later, including NR technologies.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a network 100 in which aspects of thepresent disclosure may be practiced. The network 100 may be an LTEnetwork or some other wireless network, such as a 5G or NR network.Wireless network 100 may include a number of BSs 110 (shown as BS 110 a,BS 110 b, BS 110 c, and BS 110 d) and other network entities. A BS is anentity that communicates with user equipment (UEs) and may also bereferred to as a base station, a NR BS, a Node B, a gNB, a 5G NB, anaccess point, a transmit receive point (TRP), and/or the like. Each BSmay provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a BS and/or a BSsubsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in whichthe term is used.

A BS may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, afemto cell, and/or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover arelatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius)and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. Apico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allowunrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A femto cell maycover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allowrestricted access by UEs having association with the femto cell (e.g.,UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A BS for a macro cell may bereferred to as a macro BS. A BS for a pico cell may be referred to as apico BS. A BS for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or ahome BS. In the example shown in FIG. 1, a BS 110 a may be a macro BSfor a macro cell 102 a, a BS 110 b may be a pico BS for a pico cell 102b, and a BS 110 c may be a femto BS for a femto cell 102 c. A BS maysupport one or multiple (e.g., three) cells. The terms “eNB”, “basestation”, “NR BS”, “gNB”, “TRP”, “AP”, “node B”, “5G NB”, and “cell” maybe used interchangeably herein.

In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and thegeographic area of the cell may move according to the location of amobile BS. In some examples, the BSs may be interconnected to oneanother and/or to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) inthe access network 100 through various types of backhaul interfaces suchas a direct physical connection, a virtual network, and/or the likeusing any suitable transport network.

Wireless network 100 may also include relay stations. A relay station isan entity that can receive a transmission of data from an upstreamstation (e.g., a BS or a UE) and send a transmission of the data to adownstream station (e.g., a UE or a BS). A relay station may also be aUE that can relay transmissions for other UEs. In the example shown inFIG. 1, a relay station 110 d may communicate with macro BS 110 a and aUE 120 d in order to facilitate communication between BS 110 a and UE120 d. A relay station may also be referred to as a relay BS, a relaybase station, a relay, etc.

Wireless network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes BSs ofdifferent types, e.g., macro BSs, pico BSs, femto BSs, relay BSs, etc.These different types of BSs may have different transmit power levels,different coverage areas, and different impact on interference inwireless network 100. For example, macro BSs may have a high transmitpower level (e.g., 5 to 40 Watts) whereas pico BSs, femto BSs, and relayBSs may have lower transmit power levels (e.g., 0.1 to 2 Watts).

A network controller 130 may couple to a set of BSs and may providecoordination and control for these BSs. Network controller 130 maycommunicate with the BSs via a backhaul. The BSs may also communicatewith one another, e.g., directly or indirectly via a wireless orwireline backhaul.

BS 110 may include a signaling manager 140. In some aspects, signalingmanager 140 may perform operations related to signaling of the BS 110(e.g., modulation, multiplexing, etc.). For example, signaling manager140 may receive a first data stream and a second data stream; maymodulate the first data stream to create a first modulated data stream;may modulate the second data stream to create a second modulated datastream; and may multiplex the first modulated data stream and the secondmodulated data stream into a symbol using in-phase and quadraturecarriers. Additionally, or alternatively, signaling manager 140 mayreceive a plurality of data streams; may map sets of data streams, ofthe plurality of data streams, to respective sets of bit layers of aplurality of bit layers, wherein each bit layer, of the plurality of bitlayers, corresponds to a binary expansion value that is generated basedat least in part on a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)constellation; and may transmit a signal including the plurality of bitlayers. Additionally, or alternatively, signaling manager 140 mayperform a modulation technique with regard to at least two data streamsto generate at least two modulated data streams corresponding to the atleast two data streams; may apply respective polarization patterns tothe at least two modulated data streams; and may transmit, as amultiplexed signal after the respective polarization patterns areapplied, the at least two modulated data streams. Additionally, oralternatively, signaling manager 140 may partition a bandwidth intomultiple, non-overlapping sub-bands; may assign different sub-bands, ofthe multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to different wirelesscommunication devices; and may form a plurality of respective beams forthe different wireless communication devices, wherein each beam, of theplurality of respective beams, occupies a respective sub-band of thedifferent sub-bands assigned to the different wireless communicationdevices. Additionally, or alternatively, signaling manager 140 mayperform similar or other operations described herein.

UE 120 may include a signaling manager 150. In some aspects, signalingmanager 150 may perform operations related to signaling received by theUE 120 (e.g., demodulation, demultiplexing, etc.). For example,signaling manager 150 may receive a signal having an in-phase componentand a quadrature component; may identify at least one symbol pertinentto UE 120, wherein the at least one symbol is identified from at leastone of the in-phase component or the quadrature component; and maydemodulate the at least one symbol. Additionally, or alternatively,signaling manager 150 may receive a signal including a plurality of bitlayers, wherein the plurality of bit layers is generated based at leastin part on a QAM constellation; may identify at least one relevant bitlayer, of the plurality of bit layers, that is relevant to the UE 120;and may determine a data stream based at least in part on the at leastone relevant bit layer. Additionally, or alternatively, signalingmanager 150 may receive a multiplexed signal including at least twomodulated data streams associated with respective polarization patterns,wherein the respective polarization patterns are applied usingrespective polarized antennas; and may obtain data from a relevant datastream of the at least two modulated data streams, wherein at least oneother data stream of the at least two modulated data streams is filteredbased at least in part on at least one of the respective polarizationpatterns. Additionally, or alternatively, signaling manager 150 maytransmit, to a base station, information identifying a bandwidthcapability of the UE 120, wherein the bandwidth capability correspondsto a sub-band of a beam bandwidth of the base station; and may receive auser equipment-specific beam from the base station, wherein the userequipment-specific beam is specific to the UE 120 device and occupiesthe sub-band, wherein the user equipment-specific beam is one of aplurality of non-overlapping user equipment-specific beams transmittedby the base station in the beam bandwidth. Additionally, oralternatively, signaling manager 150 may perform similar or otheroperations described herein.

UEs 120 (e.g., 120 a, 120 b, 120 c) may be dispersed throughout wirelessnetwork 100, and each UE may be stationary or mobile. A UE may also bereferred to as an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, asubscriber unit, a station, etc. A UE may be a cellular phone (e.g., asmart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, awireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, acordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera,a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, medical device orequipment, biometric sensors/devices, wearable devices (smart watches,smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wrist bands, smart jewelry (e.g.,smart ring, smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g., a music orvideo device, or a satellite radio), a vehicular component or sensor,smart meters/sensors, industrial manufacturing equipment, a globalpositioning system device, or any other suitable device that isconfigured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium.

Some UEs may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) or evolvedor enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UEs. MTC and eMTC UEsinclude, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, such as sensors,meters, monitors, location tags, etc., that may communicate with a basestation, another device (e.g., remote device), or some other entity. Awireless node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network(e.g., a wide area network such as Internet or a cellular network) via awired or wireless communication link. Some UEs may be consideredInternet-of-Things (IoT) devices, and/or may be implemented as may beimplemented as NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) devices. Some UEsmay be considered a Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). UE 120 may beincluded inside a housing 120′ that houses components of UE 120, such asprocessor components, memory components, and/or the like.

In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a givengeographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular RAT andmay operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to asa radio technology, an air interface, etc. A frequency may also bereferred to as a carrier, a frequency channel, etc. Each frequency maysupport a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoidinterference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases,NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed.

In some examples, access to the air interface may be scheduled, whereina scheduling entity (e.g., a base station) allocates resources forcommunication among some or all devices and equipment within thescheduling entity's service area or cell. Within the present disclosure,as discussed further below, the scheduling entity may be responsible forscheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one ormore subordinate entities. That is, for scheduled communication,subordinate entities utilize resources allocated by the schedulingentity.

Base stations are not the only entities that may function as ascheduling entity. That is, in some examples, a UE may function as ascheduling entity, scheduling resources for one or more subordinateentities (e.g., one or more other UEs). In this example, the UE isfunctioning as a scheduling entity, and other UEs utilize resourcesscheduled by the UE for wireless communication. A UE may function as ascheduling entity in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, and/or in a meshnetwork. In a mesh network example, UEs may optionally communicatedirectly with one another in addition to communicating with thescheduling entity.

Thus, in a wireless communication network with a scheduled access totime-frequency resources and having a cellular configuration, a P2Pconfiguration, and a mesh configuration, a scheduling entity and one ormore subordinate entities may communicate utilizing the scheduledresources.

As indicated above, FIG. 1 is provided merely as an example. Otherexamples are possible and may differ from what was described with regardto FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a design of base station 110 and UE 120,which may be one of the base stations and one of the UEs in FIG. 1. Basestation 110 may be equipped with T antennas 234 a through 234 t, and UE120 may be equipped with R antennas 252 a through 252 r, where ingeneral T≥1 and R≥1.

At base station 110, a transmit processor 220 may receive data from adata source 212 for one or more UEs, select one or more modulation andcoding schemes (MCS) for each UE based at least in part on channelquality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE, process (e.g., encodeand modulate) the data for each UE based at least in part on the MCS(s)selected for the UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmitprocessor 220 may also process system information (e.g., for semi-staticresource partitioning information (SRPI), etc.) and control information(e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper layer signaling, etc.) and provideoverhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 220 may alsogenerate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., thecell-specific reference signal (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g.,the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronizationsignal (SSS)). A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on thedata symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and/or thereference symbols, if applicable, and may provide T output symbolstreams to T modulators (MODs) 232 a through 232 t. Each modulator 232may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) toobtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 232 may further process(e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the outputsample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals frommodulators 232 a through 232 t may be transmitted via T antennas 234 athrough 234 t, respectively. According to certain aspects described inmore detail below, the synchronization signals can be generated withlocation encoding to convey additional information.

At UE 120, antennas 252 a through 252 r may receive the downlink signalsfrom base station 110 and/or other base stations and may providereceived signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 254 a through 254 r,respectively. Each demodulator 254 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify,downconvert, and digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples.Each demodulator 254 may further process the input samples (e.g., forOFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtainreceived symbols from all R demodulators 254 a through 254 r, performMIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and providedetected symbols. A receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulateand decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE 120 to adata sink 260, and provide decoded control information and systeminformation to a controller/processor 280. For example, the receiveprocessor 258 may perform one or more of the operations described withregard to signaling manager 150, above. Additionally, or alternatively,the receive processor 258 may include means for performing one or moreof the operations performed by signaling manager 150, above. A channelprocessor may determine reference signal received power (RSRP), receivedsignal strength indicator (RSSI), reference signal received quality(RSRQ), channel quality indicator (CQI), etc.

On the uplink, at UE 120, a transmit processor 264 may receive andprocess data from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., forreports comprising RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.) fromcontroller/processor 280. Transmit processor 264 may also generatereference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols fromtransmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 ifapplicable, further processed by modulators 254 a through 254 r (e.g.,for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to base station 110. Atbase station 110, the uplink signals from UE 120 and other UEs may bereceived by antennas 234, processed by demodulators 232, detected by aMIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receiveprocessor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE120. For example, the receive processor 238 may perform one or more ofthe operations described with regard to signaling manager 140, above.Additionally, or alternatively, the receive processor 238 may includemeans for performing one or more of the operations performed bysignaling manager 140, above. Receive processor 238 may provide thedecoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information tocontroller/processor 240. Base station 110 may include communicationunit 244 and communicate to network controller 130 via communicationunit 244. Network controller 130 may include communication unit 294,controller/processor 290, and memory 292.

In some aspects, one or more components of UE 120 may be included in ahousing. Controllers/processors 240 and 280 and/or any othercomponent(s) in FIG. 2 may direct the operation at base station 110 andUE 120, respectively, to perform multiplexing schemes for millimeterwave (mm Wave) downlink single carrier (SC) waveforms. For example,controller/processor 280 and/or other processors and modules at UE 120,may perform or direct operations of UE 120 to perform multiplexingschemes for mm Wave downlink SC waveforms. For example,controller/processor 280 and/or other controllers/processors and modulesat UE 120 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 1000of FIG. 10, process 1200 of FIG. 12, process 1400 of FIG. 14, process1600 of FIG. 16, and/or other processes as described herein.Additionally, or alternatively, controller/processor 240 and/or otherprocessors and modules at BS 110, may perform or direct operations of BS110 to perform multiplexing schemes for mm Wave downlink SC waveforms.For example, controller/processor 240 and/or othercontrollers/processors and modules at BS 110 may perform or directoperations of, for example, process 900 of FIG. 9, process 1100 of FIG.11, process 1300 of FIG. 13, process 1500 of FIG. 15, and/or otherprocesses as described herein. In some aspects, one or more of thecomponents shown in FIG. 2 may be employed to perform example process900, example process 1000, example process 1100, example process 1200,example process 1300, example process 1400, example process 1500,example process 1600, and/or other processes for the techniquesdescribed herein. Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codesfor base station 110 and UE 120, respectively. A scheduler 246 mayschedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink.

In some aspects, a recipient device (e.g., UE 120) may include means forreceiving a signal having an in-phase component and a quadraturecomponent; means for identifying at least one symbol pertinent to the UE120; means for demodulating the at least one symbol; means for receivinga signal including a plurality of bit layers; means for identifying atleast one relevant bit layer, of the plurality of bit layers, that isrelevant to the UE 120; means for determining a data stream based atleast in part on the at least one relevant bit layer; means forreceiving a multiplexed signal including at least two modulated datastreams associated with respective polarization patterns; means forobtaining data from a relevant data stream of the at least two modulateddata streams; and/or the like. In some aspects, such means may includeone or more components of UE 120 described in connection with FIG. 2.

In some aspects, a transmitter device (e.g., BS 110) may include meansfor receiving a first data stream and a second data stream; means formodulating the first data stream to create a first modulated datastream; means for modulating the second data stream to create a secondmodulated data stream; means for multiplexing the first modulated datastream and the second modulated data stream into a symbol using in-phaseand quadrature carriers; means for adding a first signature to the firstdata stream and a second signature to the second data stream; means forreceiving a plurality of data streams; means for mapping sets of datastreams, of the plurality of data streams, to respective sets of bitlayers of a plurality of bit layers; means for transmitting a signalincluding the plurality of bit layers; means for assigning therespective sets of bit layers to one or more entities associated withthe plurality of data streams; means for performing a modulationtechnique with regard to at least two data streams to generate at leasttwo modulated data streams corresponding to the at least two datastreams; means for applying respective polarization patterns to the atleast two modulated data streams; means for transmitting, as amultiplexed signal after the respective polarization patterns areapplied, the at least two modulated data streams; means for partitioninga bandwidth into multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands; means forassigning different sub-bands, of the multiple, non-overlappingsub-bands, to different recipient devices; means for forming a pluralityof respective beams for the different recipient devices; and/or thelike. In some aspects, such means may include one or more components ofBS 110 described in connection with FIG. 2.

As indicated above, FIG. 2 is provided merely as an example. Otherexamples are possible and may differ from what was described with regardto FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 shows an example frame structure 300 for frequency divisionduplexing (FDD) in a telecommunications system (e.g., LTE). Thetransmission timeline for each of the downlink and uplink may bepartitioned into units of radio frames. Each radio frame may have apredetermined duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)) and may bepartitioned into 10 subframes with indices of 0 through 9. Each subframemay include two slots. Each radio frame may thus include 20 slots withindices of 0 through 19. Each slot may include L symbol periods, e.g.,seven symbol periods for a normal cyclic prefix (as shown in FIG. 3) orsix symbol periods for an extended cyclic prefix. The 2L symbol periodsin each subframe may be assigned indices of 0 through 2L−1.

While some techniques are described herein in connection with frames,subframes, slots, and/or the like, these techniques may equally apply toother types of wireless communication structures, which may be referredto using terms other than “frame,” “subframe,” “slot,” and/or the likein 5G NR. In some aspects, a wireless communication structure may referto a periodic time-bounded communication unit defined by a wirelesscommunication standard and/or protocol.

In certain telecommunications (e.g., LTE), a BS may transmit a primarysynchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal(SSS) on the downlink in the center of the system bandwidth for eachcell supported by the BS. The PSS and SSS may be transmitted in symbolperiods 6 and 5, respectively, in subframes 0 and 5 of each radio framewith the normal cyclic prefix, as shown in FIG. 3. The PSS and SSS maybe used by UEs for cell search and acquisition. The BS may transmit acell-specific reference signal (CRS) across the system bandwidth foreach cell supported by the BS. The CRS may be transmitted in certainsymbol periods of each subframe and may be used by the UEs to performchannel estimation, channel quality measurement, and/or other functions.The BS may also transmit a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) in symbolperiods 0 to 3 in slot 1 of certain radio frames. The PBCH may carrysome system information. The BS may transmit other system informationsuch as system information blocks (SIBs) on a physical downlink sharedchannel (PDSCH) in certain subframes. The BS may transmit controlinformation/data on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in thefirst B symbol periods of a subframe, where B may be configurable foreach subframe. The BS may transmit traffic data and/or other data on thePDSCH in the remaining symbol periods of each subframe.

In other systems (e.g., such NR or 5G systems), a Node B may transmitthese or other signals in these locations or in different locations ofthe subframe. Additionally, or alternatively, the Node B may usedifferent multiplexing schemes, such as the multiplexing schemesdescribed elsewhere herein.

As indicated above, FIG. 3 is provided merely as an example. Otherexamples are possible and may differ from what was described with regardto FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 shows two example subframe formats 410 and 420 with the normalcyclic prefix. The available time frequency resources may be partitionedinto resource blocks. Each resource block may cover 12 subcarriers inone slot and may include a number of resource elements. Each resourceelement may cover one subcarrier in one symbol period and may be used tosend one modulation symbol, which may be a real or complex value.

Subframe format 410 may be used for two antennas. A CRS may betransmitted from antennas 0 and 1 in symbol periods 0, 4, 7, and 11. Areference signal is a signal that is known a priori by a transmitter anda receiver and may also be referred to as a pilot signal. A CRS is areference signal that is specific for a cell, e.g., generated based atleast in part on a cell identity (ID). In FIG. 4, for a given resourceelement with label Ra, a modulation symbol may be transmitted on thatresource element from antenna a, and no modulation symbols may betransmitted on that resource element from other antennas. Subframeformat 420 may be used with four antennas. A CRS may be transmitted fromantennas 0 and 1 in symbol periods 0, 4, 7, and 11 and from antennas 2and 3 in symbol periods 1 and 8. For both subframe formats 410 and 420,a CRS may be transmitted on evenly spaced subcarriers, which may bedetermined based at least in part on cell ID. CRSs may be transmitted onthe same or different subcarriers, depending on their cell IDs. For bothsubframe formats 410 and 420, resource elements not used for the CRS maybe used to transmit data (e.g., traffic data, control data, and/or otherdata).

The PSS, SSS, CRS and PBCH in LTE are described in 3GPP TechnicalSpecification 36.211, entitled “Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation,” which is publiclyavailable.

An interlace structure may be used for each of the downlink and uplinkfor FDD in certain telecommunications systems (e.g., LTE). For example,Q interlaces with indices of 0 through Q−1 may be defined, where Q maybe equal to 4, 6, 8, 10, or some other value. Each interlace may includesubframes that are spaced apart by Q frames. In particular, interlace qmay include subframes q, q+Q, q+2Q, etc., where q ∈{0, . . . , Q−1}.

The wireless network may support hybrid automatic retransmission request(HARQ) for data transmission on the downlink and uplink. For HARQ, atransmitter (e.g., a BS) may send one or more transmissions of a packetuntil the packet is decoded correctly by a receiver (e.g., a UE) or someother termination condition is encountered. For synchronous HARQ, alltransmissions of the packet may be sent in subframes of a singleinterlace. For asynchronous HARQ, each transmission of the packet may besent in any subframe.

A UE may be located within the coverage of multiple BSs. One of theseBSs may be selected to serve the UE. The serving BS may be selectedbased at least in part on various criteria such as received signalstrength, received signal quality, path loss, and/or the like. Receivedsignal quality may be quantified by a signal-to-noise-and-interferenceratio (SINR), or a reference signal received quality (RSRQ), or someother metric. The UE may operate in a dominant interference scenario inwhich the UE may observe high interference from one or more interferingBSs.

While aspects of the examples described herein may be associated withLTE technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may be applicablewith other wireless communication systems, such as NR or 5Gtechnologies.

New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to anew air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiple Access (OFDMA)-based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer(e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP)). In aspects, NR may utilizeOFDM with a CP (herein referred to as cyclic prefix OFDM or CP-OFDM)and/or SC-FDM on the uplink, may utilize CP-OFDM on the downlink andinclude support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing(TDD). In aspects, NR may, for example, utilize OFDM with a CP (hereinreferred to as CP-OFDM) and/or discrete Fourier transform spreadorthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) on the uplink,may utilize CP-OFDM on the downlink and include support for half-duplexoperation using TDD. NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g., 80 megahertz (MHz) and beyond),millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g., 60gigahertz (GHz)), massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatibleMTC techniques, and/or mission critical targeting ultra reliable lowlatency communications (URLLC) service.

A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHZ may be supported. NRresource blocks may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of75 kilohertz (kHz) over a 0.1 ms duration. Each radio frame may include50 subframes with a length of 10 ms. Consequently, each subframe mayhave a length of 0.2 ms. Each subframe may indicate a link direction(e.g., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for eachsubframe may be dynamically switched. Each subframe may include DL/ULdata as well as DL/UL control data. UL and DL subframes for NR may be asdescribed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8.

Beamforming may be supported and beam direction may be dynamicallyconfigured. MIMO transmissions with precoding may also be supported.MIMO configurations in the DL may support up to 8 transmit antennas withmulti-layer DL transmissions up to 8 streams and up to 2 streams per UE.Multi-layer transmissions with up to 2 streams per UE may be supported.Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported with up to 8 servingcells. Alternatively, NR may support a different air interface, otherthan an OFDM-based interface. NR networks may include entities suchcentral units or distributed units.

The RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs). ANR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmit receive point (TRP),access point (AP)) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells canbe configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells). Forexample, the radio access network (RAN) (e.g., a central unit ordistributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used forcarrier aggregation or dual connectivity, but not used for initialaccess, cell selection/reselection, or handover. In some cases, DCellsmay not transmit synchronization signals. In some cases, DCells maytransmit synchronization signals. NR BSs may transmit downlink signalsto UEs indicating the cell type. Based at least in part on the cell typeindication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UEmay determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover,and/or measurement based at least in part on the indicated cell type.

As indicated above, FIG. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with regard to FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of in-phase/quadraturemultiplexing, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. For the purpose of FIG. 5, assume that a transmitter device(e.g., a BS 110) is performing the operations shown in example 500. Insome aspects, another device (e.g., UE 120) may perform one or more (orall) of the operations shown in example 500.

As shown in FIG. 5, and by reference number 505, the transmitter devicemay receive a first data stream for UE A (e.g., a recipient device suchas a UE 120), and may receive a second data stream for UE B (e.g.,another recipient device). In some aspects, the first data stream and/orthe second data stream may be received from a higher layer of thetransmitter device (e.g., after processing of the first data streamand/or the second data stream), from an external source, and/or thelike. In some aspects, the data stream may include bit sets ofinformation that are to be used to form respective symbols or parts ofsymbols. In some aspects, UE A may be a different UE than UE B.Additionally, or alternatively, UE A and UE B may be the same UE. Forexample, the first data stream and the second data stream may bedifferent data streams destined to the same UE. In some aspects, thefirst data stream and/or the second data stream may be for a deviceother than a UE. Aspects described herein are not limited tomultiplexing of data directed to UEs.

As shown by reference number 510, the transmitter device may performchannel coding on the first data stream and the second data stream. Forexample, the transmitter device may add a cyclic redundancy check (CRC),an error detection code, and/or the like. In some aspects, thetransmitter device may perform rate matching to increase or decrease acode rate of the first data stream and/or the second data stream.

As shown by reference number 515, the transmitter device may insert asignature associated with UE A into the first data stream after channelcoding is performed on the first data stream. The signature associatedwith UE A may include any information that identifies UE A or that isassociated with UE A. In some aspects, the transmitter device may addthe signature before a coded data set of the bit stream. In someaspects, the transmitter device may add the signature after a coded dataset of the bit stream. As shown by reference number 520, the transmitterdevice may insert a signature associated with UE B into the second datastream after channel coding is performed on the second data stream. Thesignature associated with UE B may include any information thatidentifies UE B or that is associated with UE B. UE A and/or UE B mayuse the respective signatures to identify symbols, code words, or bitsets relevant to UE A and/or UE B.

As shown by reference number 525, the transmitter device may applyamplitude modulation to the first data stream and the second datastream. Thus, the transmitter device may generate a modulated first datastream and a modulated second data stream. In some aspects, thetransmitter device may perform QAM on the first data stream and thesecond data stream.

As shown by reference number 530, the transmitter device may use anin-phase carrier and a quadrature carrier to multiplex theamplitude-modulated data streams into a single-carrier QAM (SC-QAM)symbol. Here, the quadrature carrier is used for the second data stream(denoted by the multiplication of the second data stream by j). Thus, anin-phase/quadrature (I/Q) multiplexed SC-QAM symbol is generated fromthe first data stream and the second data stream. The I/Q multiplexedSC-QAM symbol may preserve the SC properties of the waveform, which mayimprove PAPR of the waveform and therefore improve downlink performanceof the transmitter device. As shown by reference number 535, thetransmitter device may perform pulse shaping and/or may transmit theSC-QAM symbols. By performing pulse shaping, the transmitter device mayfurther improve SC performance of the waveform.

In some aspects, the transmitter device may use TDM in conjunction withI/Q multiplexing to multiplex data streams for more than two UEs. As oneexample, for a first time frame 1≤n≤T_(AB), the transmitter device maymultiplex UEs A and B into QAM symbols S_(A)(n)+jS_(B)(n). For a secondtime frame 1+T_(AB)≤n≤T_(AB)+T_(CD), the transmitter device maymultiplex UEs C and D into QAM symbols S_(c)(n)+jS_(D)(n). Of course,other TDM/I/Q multiplexing approaches are possible, and any combinationof UEs, time frames, and TDM arrangements may be used.

As indicated above, FIG. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with respect to FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of superposition QAMbased at least in part on layered bit mapping, in accordance withvarious aspects of the present disclosure. For the purpose of FIG. 6,assume that a transmitter device (e.g., a BS 110) is performing theoperations shown in example 600. In some aspects, another device (e.g.,UE 120) may perform one or more (or all) of the operations shown inexample 600.

FIG. 6 describes the mapping of data streams to bit layers that aregenerated using a binary expansion of a layered QAM constellation. Forexample, due to the high penetration loss and quasi-optical propagationof mm Wave, a mm Wave channel can be approximated by a binary expansionof the layered QAM constellation. To illustrate, assume that thetransmitter device transmits a layered constellation S with M distinctlayers. Each layer may be associated with a respective power level basedat least in part on I and/or Q components that form each layer. Forexample, the magnitude levels on I and/or Q components may be shown orapproximated by the following equation:

${S\overset{\Delta}{=}{\sum\limits_{m = 1}^{M}\; {D_{m}2^{m}}}},{{{where}\mspace{14mu} D_{m}} \in \{ {{- 1},1} \}}$

In the above equation, the layered QAM constellation S includes layers 1through M. 2^(m) represents a power level of the corresponding layer m.Therefore, and as shown, higher layers (e.g., layers corresponding to Iand/or Q values further from the origin of the layered QAMconstellation) may be associated with higher transmit power. This mayenable unequal error protection for UEs that are associated withdifferent QoS requirements. Additionally, or alternatively, this mayenable unequal error protection for different types of traffic, or basedat least in part on any other criterion.

As a more particular example, consider a layered 64-QAM constellation.Each constellation point of a 64-QAM constellation X can be representedby a two-dimensional array [X_(I) X_(Q)]. X_(I) and X_(Q) represent theprojection of X onto in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) branches,respectively. Moreover, there are 8 distinct amplitude levels on boththe I branch and the Q branch of the 64-QAM constellation X. Throughbinary expansion, the 8 amplitude levels can be represented by:

X _(I)=Σ_(m=0) ² B _(I)(m)2^(m), where B _(I)(m)=±1, and

X _(Q)=Σ_(n=0) ² B _(Q)(n)2^(n), where B _(Q)(n)=±1, respectively.

For the I branch, the 8 amplitude levels are mapped to a set of threebit layers given by [B_(I)(0) B_(I)(1) B_(I)(2)]. Similarly, for the Qbranch, the 8 amplitude levels are mapped to another set of three bitlayers given by [B_(Q)(0) B_(Q)(1) B_(Q)(2)]. Thus, there are in total3+3=6 bit layers available for multiplexing. According to channelfeedback, QoS requirements, and/or the like, the transmitter device canallocate a different combination of one or more bit layers to each UE,as described in more detail below.

As shown in FIG. 6, and by reference number 605, the transmitter devicemay assign sets of bit layers of a layered constellation to one or moreUEs. Here, the transmitter device assigns sets of bit layers to UE A, UEB, and UE C, as described in more detail below. As shown, thetransmitter device may assign a bit layer based at least in part onchannel information. For example, when a UE reports channel information(e.g., channel state information (CSI) feedback and/or the like)indicating poor channel quality, the transmitter device may assign alayer associated with a higher transmission power. As further shown, thetransmitter device may assign a bit layer based at least in part on aQoS requirement of a UE. For example, when the UE is associated with ahigh QoS requirement, the transmitter device may assign a bit layerassociated with a higher transmission power. In some aspects, thetransmitter device may assign a bit layer based at least in part on acombination of the channel information and the QoS requirement.

As shown by reference number 610, at least one bit layer may be assignedto each of UE A, UE B, and UE C. For example, assume that thetransmitter device determines that downlink traffic is to be multiplexedand transmitted to UE A, UE B, and UE C. The transmitter device mayassign at least one bit layer to UE A, UE B, and UE C to provide thedownlink traffic. In some aspects, the transmitter device may assign asingle bit layer (e.g., based at least in part on a QoS requirement, apriority class, a reliability requirement, a data rate, etc.).Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter device may assignmultiple bit layers (e.g., based at least in part on a QoS requirement,a priority class, a reliability requirement, a data rate, etc.).

In some aspects, the transmitter device may assign a bit layer based atleast in part on a traffic type. For example, control data (e.g., aPDCCH, a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), etc.) can be assignedto a more reliable bit layer or a bit layer associated with a higherpower level than traffic data (e.g., payload data, a PDSCH, a physicaluplink shared channel (PUSCH), etc.). This can be performed for the sameUE or for different UEs. When two or more bit layers are assigned, thebit layers may or may not be adjacent to each other. In some aspects,the bit layers may be assigned based at least in part on a throughputfunction or utility function. For example, the transmitter device maymaximize a throughput function or utility function by assigning the bitlayers based at least in part on the channel feedback, QoS requirements,power levels of the bit layers, and/or the like.

As shown by reference number 615, the transmitter device may performchannel coding and rate matching for data streams associated with UE A,UE B, and UE C. For example, the transmitter device may add CRCs, errorchecking codes, and/or the like to the data streams. Additionally, oralternatively, the transmitter device may perform rate matching for oneor more of the data streams. By performing rate matching, thetransmitter device may improve resilience or reliability of the datastreams. For example, the transmitter device may use stronger channelcoding and/or a more resilient rate for information associated with ahigher QoS requirement. As another example, the transmitter device mayuse stronger channel coding and/or a more resilient rate for informationassigned to a bit layer associated with a lower power level to increaselikelihood of successful reception of the information.

As shown by reference number 620, the transmitter device may performpermutation to prepare the data streams of UEs A, B, and C for mappingto the QAM constellation. For example, the transmitter device maymodulate the data streams to particular amplitude levels with regard toI and Q components of the QAM constellation, so that the data streamscan be mapped to the corresponding bit layers. Permutation may providemulti-user gain and/or diversity gain for the transmitted signal. Insome aspects, permutation may be configured by the transmitter device(e.g., using radio resource control messaging, control information, suchas downlink control information, and/or the like).

As shown by reference number 625, the transmitter device may perform QAMconstellation mapping of the data streams. For example, the transmitterdevice may generate symbols according to a layered QAM constellationusing the data streams of UEs A, B, and C (e.g., using respective I andQ carriers that are modulated according to the particular amplitudelevels of the bit layers to which the data streams are to be mapped). Asshown by reference number 630, the transmitter device may perform pulseshaping and/or may transmit an RF signal including the SC-QAM symbolsgenerated as part of the QAM constellation mapping process.

In this way, the transmitter device multiplexes multiple, different datastreams using different bit layers of a layered QAM constellation. Bygenerating symbols using the different bit layers, the SC properties ofthe transmitted waveform are preserved. Furthermore, unequal errorprotection for the multiple, different data streams is enabled based atleast in part on the different transmission power levels of the bitlayers. These operations can be performed for a shared channel (e.g.,data channel, PDSCH, PUSCH, etc.), a control channel (e.g., PDCCH,PUCCH, etc.), and/or a hybrid or combination of a shared channel and acontrol channel.

As indicated above, FIG. 6 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with respect to FIG. 6.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 of polarization divisionmultiplexing for wireless communications, in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure. For the purpose of FIG. 7, assumethat the operations of example 700 are performed by a transmitter device(e.g., a BS 110). In some aspects, another device (e.g., UE 120) mayperform one or more (or all) of the operations shown in example 700.

As shown in FIG. 7, and by reference number 710, the transmitter devicemay receive or generate a data stream associated with a UE A (e.g., arecipient device such as UE 120) and a data stream associated with a UEB (e.g., another recipient device). In some aspects, the data streamsmay be received from a higher layer of the transmitter device (e.g.,after processing of the data streams), from an external source, and/orthe like. As shown by reference number 720, the transmitter device mayperform QAM modulation of the data stream associated with the UE A andthe data stream associated with the UE B. For example, the transmitterdevice may map each data stream to a respective QAM constellation togenerate QAM symbols and/or to generate modulated data streamscorresponding to the data streams. Aspects described herein are notlimited to those in which the data streams are directed to UEs.

As shown by reference number 730, the transmitter device may performpolarization division multiplexing of the modulated data streams. Toperform polarization division multiplexing, the transmitter device maytransmit each modulated data stream according to a differentpolarization pattern. For example, the transmitter device may transmit afirst modulated data stream using a first polarized antenna of thetransmitter device, and may transmit a second modulated data streamusing a second polarized antenna of the transmitter device that isassociated with a different polarization pattern than the firstpolarized antenna. In some aspects, the transmitter device may performpolarization division multiplexing based at least in part oncapabilities of a recipient device such as a UE 120. For example, thetransmitter device may identify a polarization pattern that a recipientdevice is capable of receiving, and may use the identified polarizationpattern to transmit a data stream for the recipient device. As shown byreference number 740, the transmitter device may perform pulse shapingand/or may transmit RF signals including the multiplexed signal.

In some aspects, the transmitter device may transmit data streams formultiple, different UEs using a single polarization pattern. In such acase, the transmitter device may use superposition coding to multiplexthe data streams for the multiple, different UEs. For example, thetransmitter device may use a first level of superposition for a firstdata stream of a first recipient device (e.g., UE 120), and may use asecond level of superposition for a second data stream of a secondrecipient device. In such a case, the transmitter device may assign thefirst level and/or second level based at least in part on the datastreams and/or the recipient devices. For example, the transmitterdevice may assign a more resilient level for a higher-priority datastream, may assign a level with a higher data rate for ahigher-bandwidth data stream, and/or the like.

In some aspects, the transmitter device may perform polarizationdivision multiplexing for at least two data streams (e.g., 3 datastreams, 4 data streams, 5 data streams, 6 data streams, etc.). Forexample, the transmitter device may use a different polarization patternfor each data stream of the at least two data streams. Additionally, oralternatively, the transmitter device may use superposition coding tomultiplex two or more data streams within the same polarization pattern.In this way, data for multiple different data streams may be multiplexedwithin a single polarization pattern or using multiple, differentpolarization patterns. Furthermore, by multiplexing the data streamsusing polarization division multiplexing (e.g., in comparison to OFDM),the transmitter device preserves the single carrier properties of thewaveform.

As indicated above, FIG. 7 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with respect to FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 of FDM using UE-specificbeamforming, in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. For the purpose of FIG. 8, assume that the operations ofexample 800 are performed by a transmitter device (e.g., a BS 110). Insome aspects, another device (e.g., UE 120) may perform one or more (orall) of the operations shown in example 800.

As shown in FIG. 8, and by reference number 810, a transmitter devicemay partition a bandwidth of the transmitter device into multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands. In FIG. 8, the transmitter device partitionsthe bandwidth into a sub-band A, a sub-band B, and a sub-band C, whichdo not overlap each other. For example, the transmitter device maypartition the bandwidth into the sub-bands to form respectiveUE-specific beams to recipient devices for communication within thesub-bands. In some aspects, the sub-bands may include less than thebandwidth of the transmitter device. As used herein, the bandwidth ofthe transmitter device may refer to a bandwidth of a downlinkcommunication channel of the transmitter device. In some aspects, thesub-bands may not overlap. In some aspects, the sub-bands may beseparated by a guard band or a similar spacing.

In some aspects, the transmitter device may partition the bandwidthbased at least in part on capabilities or configuration of a recipientdevice (e.g., UE 120). For example, a UE (e.g., low-end UEs,machine-type communication (MTC) UEs, etc.) may not have the capabilityto access an entire bandwidth of a downlink communication channel of thetransmitter device. In such a case, the transmitter device may partitionthe bandwidth of the downlink communication channel so that the UE canuse a portion of the bandwidth that the UE is capable of using. Thetransmitter device may then assign other portions of the bandwidth forother UEs, and may form UE-specific beams to the UE and the other UEs,which reduces spillover and interference between downlink signalsassociated with the UE and downlink signals associated with the otherUEs.

As shown by reference number 820, the transmitter device may assign thedifferent, non-overlapping sub-bands to different recipient devices. Forexample, the transmitter device may assign each sub-band to a respectiverecipient device based at least in part on bandwidth capabilities of therecipient devices. In FIG. 8, the transmitter device assigns sub-band Ato a UE A, sub-band B to a UE B, and sub-band C to a UE C.

As shown by reference number 830, the transmitter device may formrespective UE-specific beams to the different recipient devices. Forexample, each UE-specific beam may be confined to the sub-band assignedto the recipient device to which each UE-specific beam is directed. Inthis way, interference between the sub-bands is reduced. This may beparticularly advantageous for recipient devices that are not configuredto or capable of using an entire system bandwidth.

As indicated above, FIG. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples arepossible and may differ from what was described with respect to FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example process 900 performed, forexample, by a transmitter device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 900 is an example where atransmitter device (e.g., BS 110) performs in-phase/quadraturemultiplexing.

As shown in FIG. 9, in some aspects, process 900 may include receiving afirst data stream and a second data stream (block 910). For example, thetransmitter device (e.g., using antenna 234, DEMOD 232, MIMO detector236, receive processor 238, controller/processor 240, and/or the like)may receive a first data stream and a second data stream. Thetransmitter device may receive the first data stream and the second datastream to multiplex the first data stream and the second data streamusing I/Q multiplexing, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. Insome aspects, the first data stream and/or the second data stream may bereceived from a higher layer of the transmitter device (e.g., afterprocessing of the first data stream and/or the second data stream), froman external source, and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 9, in some aspects, process 900 may include modulatingthe first data stream to create a first modulated data stream (block920), and modulating the second data stream to create a second modulateddata stream (block 930). For example, the transmitter device (e.g.,using controller/processor 240 and/or the like) may modulate the firstdata stream and the second data stream. In some aspects, the transmitterdevice may insert UE-specific signatures corresponding to recipientdevices associated with the first data stream and the second datastream, which enables identification of the first modulated data streamand the second modulated data stream.

As shown in FIG. 9, in some aspects, process 900 may includemultiplexing the first modulated data stream and the second modulateddata stream into a symbol using in-phase and quadrature carriers (block940). For example, the transmitter device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 240, transmit processor 220, TX MIMO processor 230,MOD 232, antenna 234, and/or the like) may multiplex the first modulateddata stream and the second modulated data stream. The transmitter devicemay multiplex the first modulated data stream using an in-phase carrier,and may multiplex the second modulated data stream using a quadraturecarrier. By multiplexing the data streams using I/Q multiplexing, thetransmitter device preserves the SC properties of the SC waveform.

With respect to process 900, in some aspects, process 900 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described below and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the transmitter device is further configured to add afirst signature to the first data stream and a second signature to thesecond data stream, wherein the first signature and the second signatureare added for identification of a destination of the first data streamand the second data stream by at least one decoding device. In someaspects, the first signature and the second signature are added afterchannel coding of the first data stream and the second data stream. Insome aspects, the first signature and the second signature are addedafter channel coding of the first data stream and the second datastream. In some aspects, the modulation is amplitude modulation. In someaspects, the first data stream is associated with a first recipientdevice and the second data stream is associated with a second recipientdevice. In some aspects, the first data stream is associated with afirst recipient device and a second recipient device, and time divisionmultiplexing is used to multiplex symbols associated with the firstrecipient device and the second recipient device for transmission.

Although FIG. 9 shows example blocks of process 900, in some aspects,process 900 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 9.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 900may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1000 performed, forexample, by a recipient device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1000 is an example where arecipient device (e.g., a wireless communication device such as UE 120)communicates using I/Q multiplexing.

As shown in FIG. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may include receivinga signal having an in-phase component and a quadrature component (block1010). For example, the recipient device (e.g., using antenna 252, DEMOD254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, controller/processor 280,and/or the like) may receive a signal having an in-phase component and aquadrature component. In some aspects, the signal may be generated basedat least in part on process 900, described above.

As shown in FIG. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may includeidentifying at least one symbol pertinent to the recipient device,wherein the at least one symbol is identified from at least one of thein-phase component or the quadrature component (block 1020). Forexample, the recipient device (e.g., using controller/processor 280and/or the like) may identify at least one symbol of the signal that ispertinent to the recipient device. In some aspects, the recipient devicemay identify the at least one symbol based at least in part on aUE-specific signature included in the at least one symbol. The at leastone symbol may be identified from at least one of the in-phase componentor the quadrature component (e.g., based at least in part on whether adata stream associated with the at least one symbol is modulated usingthe in-phase carrier or the quadrature carrier).

As shown in FIG. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may includedemodulating the at least one symbol (block 1030). For example, therecipient device (e.g., using DEMOD 254, MIMO detector 256, receiveprocessor 258, controller/processor 280, and/or the like) may demodulatethe at least one symbol to obtain a data stream associated with therecipient device. In some aspects, the at least one symbol is identifiedbased at least in part on the at least one symbol being received on theone of the in-phase component or the quadrature component. In someaspects, the at least one symbol is identified based at least in part ona signature, specific to the recipient device, associated with the atleast one symbol. In some aspects, the at least one symbol is identifiedfrom a plurality of symbols on the one of the in-phase component or thequadrature component, wherein the at least one symbol is time divisionmultiplexed with the plurality of symbols.

With respect to process 1000, in some aspects, process 1000 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described above and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

Although FIG. 10 shows example blocks of process 1000, in some aspects,process 1000 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 10.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1000 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1100 performed, forexample, by a transmitter device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1100 is an example where atransmitter device (e.g., BS 110) performs superposition QAM based atleast in part on layered bit mapping.

As shown in FIG. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may include receivinga plurality of data streams (block 1110). For example, the transmitterdevice (e.g., using antenna 234, DEMOD 232, MIMO detector 236, receiveprocessor 238, controller/processor 240, and/or the like) may receive aplurality of data streams. The plurality of data streams may beassociated with at least one recipient device. The transmitter devicemay receive the plurality of data streams to multiplex the plurality ofdata streams using bit layers of a layered QAM constellation. In someaspects, the plurality of data streams may be received from a higherlayer of the transmitter device (e.g., after processing of the pluralityof first data stream and/or the second data stream), from an externalsource, and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may include mappingsets of data streams, of the plurality of data streams, to respectivesets of bit layers of a plurality of bit layers, wherein each bit layer,of the plurality of bit layers, corresponds to a binary expansion valuethat is generated based at least in part on a QAM constellation (block1120). For example, the transmitter device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 240 and/or the like) may map sets of data streams,of the plurality of data streams, to respective sets of bit layers of aplurality of bit layers. The bit layers may correspond to binaryexpansion values that are generated based at least in part on a QAMconstellation, such as a layered QAM constellation.

As shown in FIG. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may includetransmitting a signal including the plurality of bit layers (block1130). For example, the transmitter device may transmit a signalincluding the plurality of bit layers. In some aspects, the transmitterdevice may determine symbols using the QAM constellation and based atleast in part on mapping the data streams to the bit layers, and maytransmit a signal identifying the symbols.

With respect to process 1100, in some aspects, process 1100 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described below and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the plurality of bit layers is associated with aplurality of corresponding transmission power levels, and the respectivesets of bit layers are assigned to one or more entities based at leastin part on corresponding transmission power levels, of the plurality ofcorresponding transmission power levels, associated with the respectivesets of bit layers. In some aspects, the transmitter device may assignthe respective sets of bit layers to one or more entities associatedwith the plurality of data streams. In some aspects, the respective setsof bit layers are assigned based at least in part on channel feedbackassociated with the one or more entities. In some aspects, therespective sets of bit layers are assigned based at least in part on oneor more quality of service requirements associated with the one or moreentities. In some aspects, the respective sets of bit layers areassociated with respective reliability levels and the respective sets ofbit layers are assigned based at least in part on the respectivereliability levels. In some aspects, the respective sets of bit layersare assigned based at least in part on a utility function or athroughput maximization function. In some aspects, the respective setsof bit layers are assigned based at least in part on an error protectionrequirement or a priority class associated with the one or moreentities. In some aspects, the transmitter device is configured todetermine at least one channel coding level for at least one datastream, of the plurality of data streams, based at least in part on theerror protection requirement or the priority class. In some aspects, aparticular bit layer, associated with a highest reliability level ortransmission power level, is assigned for a particular data stream, ofthe plurality of data streams, associated with control data. In someaspects, a first set of bit layers, of the plurality of bit layers, isassigned to a first recipient device and a second set of bit layers, ofthe plurality of bit layers, is assigned to a second recipient device,wherein the first set of bit layers has a different quantity of bitlayers than the second set of bit layers.

Although FIG. 11 shows example blocks of process 1100, in some aspects,process 1100 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 11.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1100 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1200 performed, forexample, by a recipient device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1200 is an example where arecipient device (e.g., a wireless communication device such as UE 120)communicates using superposition QAM based at least in part on layeredbit mapping.

As shown in FIG. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include receivinga signal including a plurality of bit layers, wherein the plurality ofbit layers is generated based at least in part on a QAM constellation(block 1210). For example, the recipient device (e.g., using antenna252, DEMOD 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258,controller/processor 280, and/or the like) may receive a signal. Thesignal may include a plurality of bit layers. The plurality of bitlayers may be generated based at least in part on a QAM constellation.For example, the signal may include symbols that are generated accordingto a bit layer of the QAM constellation that is assigned to the wirelesscommunication device.

As shown in FIG. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may includeidentifying at least one relevant bit layer, of the plurality of bitlayers, that is relevant to the wireless communication device (block1220). For example, the recipient device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 280 and/or the like) may identify at least onerelevant bit layer that is relevant to the recipient device. In someaspects, the recipient device may identify the relevant bit layer basedat least in part on information included in the relevant bit layer(e.g., a UE identifier and/or the like). In some aspects, the recipientdevice may identify the relevant bit layer based at least in part onscheduling information indicating that the relevant bit layer ispertinent to the recipient device.

As shown in FIG. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may includedetermining a data stream based at least in part on the at least onerelevant bit layer (block 1230). For example, the recipient device(e.g., using controller/processor 280 and/or the like) may determine adata stream based at least in part on the at least one relevant bitlayer. In some aspects, the recipient device may determine a data streambased at least in part on multiple relevant bit layers (e.g., whenmultiple bit layers are assigned to the wireless communication device).

With respect to process 1200, in some aspects, process 1200 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described below and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the at least one relevant bit layer is identified basedat least in part on a transmission power level of the at least onerelevant bit layer. In some aspects, the at least one relevant bit layerincludes at least two bit layers that are not adjacent to each other. Insome aspects, the at least one bit layer is assigned based at least inpart on a quality of service requirement, a priority class, or an errorprotection requirement of the recipient device.

Although FIG. 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some aspects,process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 12.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1200 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1300 performed, forexample, by a transmitter device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1300 is an example where atransmitter device (e.g., BS 110) performs polarization divisionmultiplexing for wireless communications.

As shown in FIG. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may includeperforming a modulation technique with regard to at least two datastreams to generate at least two modulated data streams corresponding tothe at least two data streams (block 1310). For example, the transmitterdevice (e.g., using controller/processor 240, transmit processor 220, TXMIMO processor 230, MOD 232, antenna 234, and/or the like) may perform amodulation technique with regard to at least two data streams. In someaspects, the at least two data streams may be destined to respectiverecipient devices (e.g., wireless communication devices such as UE 120).In some aspects, the modulation technique may include a QAM techniqueand/or the like. The transmitter device may perform the modulationtechnique to generate at least two modulated data streams, using the atleast two data streams, for multiplexing using polarization divisionmultiplexing. In some aspects, the at least two data streams may bereceived from a higher layer of the transmitter device (e.g., afterprocessing of the at least two data streams), from an external source,and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include applyingrespective polarization patterns to the at least two modulated datastreams (block 1320). For example, the transmitter device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 240, transmit processor 220, TX MIMO processor 230,MOD 232, antenna 234, and/or the like) may apply respective polarizationpatterns to the at least two modulated data streams. In some aspects,the transmitter device may select the respective polarization patternsfor application to the at least two modulated data streams (e.g., basedat least in part on capabilities of recipient devices of the at leasttwo modulated data streams and/or the like). Additionally, oralternatively, the transmitter device may identify particular polarizedantennas to transmit the at least two modulated data streams so that therespective polarization patterns are applied.

As shown in FIG. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may includetransmitting, as a multiplexed signal after the respective polarizationpatterns are applied, the at least two modulated data streams (block1330). For example, the transmitter device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 240, transmit processor 220, TX MIMO processor 230,MOD 232, antenna 234, and/or the like) may transmit the at least twomodulated data streams as a multiplexed signal after the respectivepolarization patterns are applied. In some aspects, the transmission ofthe at least two modulated data streams may apply the respectivepolarization patterns. For example, the transmitter device may usepolarized antennas associated with the respective polarization patternsto transmit the at least two modulated data streams.

With respect to process 1300, in some aspects, process 1300 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described below and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the modulation technique is a quadrature amplitudemodulation technique. In some aspects, a particular data stream, of theat least two data streams, includes multiplexed data for multiple,different wireless communication devices. In some aspects, themultiplexed data is multiplexed based at least in part on at least oneof a superposition quadrature amplitude modulation technique usinglayered bit mapping or an in-phase/quadrature multiplexing technique. Insome aspects, the respective polarization patterns are applied usingrespective polarized antennas of the transmitter device.

Although FIG. 13 shows example blocks of process 1300, in some aspects,process 1300 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 13.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1300 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1400 performed, forexample, by a recipient device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1400 is an example where arecipient device (e.g., a wireless communication device such as UE 120)communicates using polarization division multiplexing for wirelesscommunications.

As shown in FIG. 14, in some aspects, process 1400 may include receivinga multiplexed signal including at least two modulated data streamsassociated with respective polarization patterns, wherein the respectivepolarization patterns are applied using respective polarized antennas ofa base station (block 1410). For example, the recipient device (e.g.,using antenna 252, DEMOD 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258,controller/processor 280, and/or the like) may receive a multiplexedsignal. The multiplexed signal may include at least two modulated datastreams that are associated with respective polarization patterns. Therespective polarization patterns may be applied using respectivepolarized antennas of a transmitter device that transmitted themultiplexed signal.

As shown in FIG. 14, in some aspects, process 1400 may include obtainingdata from a relevant data stream of the at least two modulated datastreams, wherein at least one other data stream of the at least twomodulated data streams is filtered based at least in part on at leastone of the respective polarization patterns (block 1420). For example,the recipient device (e.g., using antenna 252, DEMOD 254, MIMO detector256, receive processor 258, controller/processor 280, and/or the like)may obtain data from a relevant data stream of the at least twomodulated data stream. To obtain the data, the recipient device mayfilter at least one other data stream of the at least two modulated datastreams based at least in part on at least one of the respectivepolarization patterns. This filtering may be active (e.g., when therecipient device has a receiver antenna capable of selectively filteringpolarization patterns) or passive. For example, the recipient device mayonly be capable of receiving a particular polarization patternassociated with the relevant data stream.

With respect to process 1400, in some aspects, process 1400 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described below and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the at least two modulated data streams are modulatedusing quadrature amplitude modulation. In some aspects, the relevantdata stream includes multiplexed data for multiple, different recipientdevices including the recipient device, and the recipient device isconfigured to extract the relevant data stream from the multiplexeddata. In some aspects, the multiplexed data is multiplexed based atleast in part on at least one of a superposition quadrature amplitudemodulation technique using layered bit mapping or an in-phase/quadraturemultiplexing technique.

Although FIG. 14 shows example blocks of process 1400, in some aspects,process 1400 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 14.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1400 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1500 performed, forexample, by a transmitter device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1500 is an example where atransmitter device (e.g., BS 110) performs FDM using UE-specificbeamforming.

As shown in FIG. 15, in some aspects, process 1500 may includepartitioning a bandwidth into multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands (block1510). For example, the transmitter device (e.g., usingcontroller/processor 240 and/or the like) may partition a bandwidth intomultiple, non-overlapping sub-bands. In some aspects, the bandwidth maycorrespond to a bandwidth of a downlink channel of the transmitterdevice. In some aspects, the multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands may beseparated from each other by guard bands and/or the like. In someaspects, another device, such as a network controller, may partition thebandwidth. In some aspects, the partitioning of the bandwidth may bespecified in a standard or technical specification.

As shown in FIG. 15, in some aspects, process 1500 may include assigningdifferent sub-bands, of the multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, todifferent wireless communication devices (block 1520). For example, thetransmitter device (e.g., using controller/processor 240 and/or thelike) may assign different sub-bands to different (e.g., respective)recipient devices. In some aspects, the transmitter device may assignthe different sub-bands based at least in part on bandwidth capabilitiesof the recipient devices. For example, the transmitter device may assigneach sub-band to a corresponding recipient device associated with acompatible bandwidth capability.

As shown in FIG. 15, in some aspects, process 1500 may include forming aplurality of respective beams for the different recipient devices,wherein each beam, of the plurality of respective beams, occupies arespective sub-band of the different sub-bands assigned to the differentrecipient devices (block 1530). For example, the transmitter device(e.g., using controller/processor 240, transmit processor 220, TX MIMOprocessor 230, MOD 232, antenna 234, and/or the like) may form aUE-specific beam for each recipient device that is assigned a sub-band.The UE-specific beams may occupy the corresponding sub-bands. In thisway, the transmitter device reduces interference between downlinkcommunications to the different wireless communication devices.

With respect to process 1500, in some aspects, process 1500 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described below and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, a sub-band, of the different sub-bands, assigned to aparticular recipient device, of the different recipient devices,corresponds to a maximum bandwidth capability of the particularrecipient device. In some aspects, the plurality of respective beams areformed using user equipment-specific beamforming.

Although FIG. 15 shows example blocks of process 1500, in some aspects,process 1500 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 15.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1500 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1600 performed, forexample, by a recipient device, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. Example process 1600 is an example where arecipient device (e.g., a recipient device such as UE 120) performs FDMusing UE-specific beamforming.

As shown in FIG. 16, in some aspects, process 1600 may includetransmitting, to a transmitter device, information identifying abandwidth capability of the recipient device, wherein the bandwidthcapability corresponds to a sub-band of a beam bandwidth of thetransmitter device (block 1610). For example, a recipient device (e.g.,using controller/processor 280, transmit processor 264, TX MIMOprocessor 266, MOD 254, antenna 252, and/or the like) may transmitinformation identifying a bandwidth capability of the recipient deviceto a transmitter device. The recipient device may transmit theinformation so that the transmitter device can partition a sub-band of abandwidth associated with the transmitter device for communication withthe recipient device. For example, the bandwidth capability maycorrespond to the sub-band of the bandwidth.

As shown in FIG. 16, in some aspects, process 1600 may include receivinga user equipment-specific beam from the base station, wherein the userequipment-specific beam is specific to the recipient device and occupiesthe sub-band, wherein the user equipment-specific beam is one of aplurality of non-overlapping user equipment-specific beams transmittedby the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth (block 1620). Forexample, the recipient device (e.g., using antenna 252, DEMOD 254, MIMOdetector 256, receive processor 258, controller/processor 280, and/orthe like) may receive a UE-specific beam from the transmitter device.The UE-specific beam may be specific to the recipient device, and mayoccupy the sub-band of the bandwidth associated with the recipientdevice. For example, the UE-specific beam may be one of a plurality ofnon-overlapping (in frequency) UE-specific beams transmitted by thetransmitter device within the beam bandwidth. The recipient device maycommunicate based at least in part on information received in theUE-specific beam.

With respect to process 1600, in some aspects, process 1600 may includeadditional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination ofaspects described above and/or in connection with one or more otherprocesses described elsewhere herein.

Although FIG. 16 shows example blocks of process 1600, in some aspects,process 1600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, differentblocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 16.Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process1600 may be performed in parallel.

The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the preciseform disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light ofthe above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.

As used herein, the term component is intended to be broadly construedas hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. Asused herein, a processor is implemented in hardware, firmware, or acombination of hardware and software.

Some aspects are described herein in connection with thresholds. As usedherein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a value being greater thanthe threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than thethreshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold,not equal to the threshold, and/or the like.

It will be apparent that systems and/or methods, described herein, maybe implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, or acombination of hardware and software. The actual specialized controlhardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methodsis not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of thesystems and/or methods were described herein without reference tospecific software code—it being understood that software and hardwarecan be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based, at leastin part, on the description herein.

Even though particular combinations of features are recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are notintended to limit the disclosure of possible aspects. In fact, many ofthese features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependentclaim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosureof possible aspects includes each dependent claim in combination withevery other claim in the claim set. A phrase referring to “at least oneof” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, includingsingle members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intendedto cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combinationwith multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c,a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering ofa, b, and c).

No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed ascritical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as usedherein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or moreitems, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore,as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include oneor more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination ofrelated and unrelated items, etc.), and may be used interchangeably with“one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” orsimilar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,”“having,” and/or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further,the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on”unless explicitly stated otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication performed by atransmitter device, comprising: partitioning a bandwidth into multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands; assigning different sub-bands, of themultiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to different recipient devices; andforming a plurality of respective beams for the different recipientdevices, wherein each beam, of the plurality of respective beams,occupies a respective sub-band of the different sub-bands assigned tothe different recipient devices.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein asub-band, of the different sub-bands, assigned to a particular recipientdevice, of the different recipient devices, corresponds to a maximumbandwidth capability of the particular recipient device.
 3. The methodof claim 1, wherein the plurality of respective beams are formed usingrecipient device-specific beamforming.
 4. A method of wirelesscommunication performed by a recipient device, comprising: transmitting,to a transmitter device, information identifying a bandwidth capabilityof the recipient device, wherein the bandwidth capability corresponds toa sub-band of a beam bandwidth of the transmitter device; and receivinga recipient device-specific beam from the transmitter device, whereinthe recipient device-specific beam is specific to the recipient deviceand occupies the sub-band, wherein the recipient device-specific beam isone of a plurality of non-overlapping recipient device-specific beamsthat were transmitted by the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth.5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sub-band corresponds to a maximumbandwidth capability of the recipient device.
 6. A transmitter devicefor wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and one or moreprocessors operatively coupled to the memory, the memory and the one ormore processors configured to: partition a bandwidth into multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands; assign different sub-bands, of the multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands, to different recipient devices; and form aplurality of respective beams for the different recipient devices,wherein each beam, of the plurality of respective beams, occupies arespective sub-band of the different sub-bands assigned to the differentrecipient devices.
 7. The transmitter device of claim 6, wherein asub-band, of the different sub-bands, assigned to a particular recipientdevice, of the different recipient devices, corresponds to a maximumbandwidth capability of the particular recipient device.
 8. Thetransmitter device of claim 6, wherein the plurality of respective beamsare formed using recipient device-specific beamforming.
 9. A recipientdevice for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and one or moreprocessors operatively coupled to the memory, the memory and the one ormore processors configured to: transmit, to a transmitter device,information identifying a bandwidth capability of the recipient device,wherein the bandwidth capability corresponds to a sub-band of a beambandwidth of the transmitter device; and receive a recipientdevice-specific beam from the transmitter device, wherein the recipientdevice-specific beam is specific to the recipient device and occupiesthe sub-band, wherein the recipient device-specific beam is one of aplurality of non-overlapping recipient device-specific beams transmittedby the transmitter device in the beam bandwidth.
 10. The recipientdevice of claim 9, wherein the sub-band corresponds to a maximumbandwidth capability of the recipient device.
 11. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium storing one or more instructions for wirelesscommunication, the one or more instructions comprising: one or moreinstructions that, when executed by one or more processors of atransmitter device, cause the one or more processors to: partition abandwidth into multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands; assign differentsub-bands, of the multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to differentrecipient devices; and form a plurality of respective beams for thedifferent recipient devices, wherein each beam, of the plurality ofrespective beams, occupies a respective sub-band of the differentsub-bands assigned to the different recipient devices.
 12. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein a sub-band,of the different sub-bands, assigned to a particular recipient device,of the different recipient devices, corresponds to a maximum bandwidthcapability of the particular recipient device.
 13. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the plurality ofrespective beams are formed using recipient device-specific beamforming.14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or moreinstructions for wireless communication, the one or more instructionscomprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or moreprocessors of a recipient device, cause the one or more processors to:transmit, to a transmitter device, information identifying a bandwidthcapability of the recipient device, wherein the bandwidth capabilitycorresponds to a sub-band of a beam bandwidth of the transmitter device;and receive a recipient device-specific beam from the transmitterdevice, wherein the recipient device-specific beam is specific to therecipient device and occupies the sub-band, wherein the recipientdevice-specific beam is one of a plurality of non-overlapping recipientdevice-specific beams transmitted by the transmitter device in the beambandwidth.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,wherein the sub-band corresponds to a maximum bandwidth capability ofthe recipient device.
 16. An apparatus for wireless communication,comprising: means for partitioning a bandwidth into multiple,non-overlapping sub-bands; means for assigning different sub-bands, ofthe multiple, non-overlapping sub-bands, to different recipient devices;and means for forming a plurality of respective beams for the differentrecipient devices, wherein each beam, of the plurality of respectivebeams, occupies a respective sub-band of the different sub-bandsassigned to the different recipient devices.
 17. The apparatus of claim16, wherein a sub-band, of the different sub-bands, assigned to aparticular recipient device, of the different recipient devices,corresponds to a maximum bandwidth capability of the particularrecipient device.
 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the pluralityof respective beams are formed using recipient device-specificbeamforming.
 19. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising:means for transmitting, to a transmitter device, information identifyinga bandwidth capability of the apparatus, wherein the bandwidthcapability corresponds to a sub-band of a beam bandwidth of thetransmitter device; and means for receiving a recipient device-specificbeam from the transmitter device, wherein the recipient device-specificbeam is specific to the apparatus and occupies the sub-band, wherein therecipient device-specific beam is one of a plurality of non-overlappingrecipient device-specific beams transmitted by the transmitter device inthe beam bandwidth.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the sub-bandcorresponds to a maximum bandwidth capability of the apparatus.